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While concentration of population in urban areas continues, limited contact with ecological dynamics undermines awareness on human dependence on ecosystems. However, demands on ecosystems have never been higher than in today's urbanized planet, and cities make major contributions to global environmental problems. Enhancing green and blue infrastructure (GBI) in cities can reduce the ecological footprints of cities, while enhancing urban resilience and quality of life for their inhabitants. Urban GBIs provide multiple benefits to people in the form of ecosystem services (ES) and hold potential for providing nature-based solutions (NBS) to address urban challenges.

To adequately evaluate the ES provided by GBI, researchers have recently advocated integrated valuations. Integrated valuations aim at overcoming the limitations of the traditional single discipline and narrow approaches, by considering the multiple ways in which humans benefit from nature across the economic social and cultural domains.

In this chapter, we present examples of integrated valuations of ES in two Spanish cities, Barcelona and Bilbao. Both examples combine different valuation techniques and metrics, both monetary and nonmonetary, to account for the ES provided by urban GBIs and to assess their potential as NBS.

Our case examples show that urban GBIs provide many valuable benefits to urban dwellers. One of the clearest outcomes from these infrastructures is cultural ES, especially the multiple recreation and leisure opportunities they provide, which in turn has a remarkable positive effect on human health and well-being.

This study aims to estimate the overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and evaluate the accuracy of an antibody rapid test compared to a reference serological assay during a COVID-19 outbreak in a prison complex housing over 13,000 prisoners in Brasília.

The authors obtained a randomized, stratified representative sample of each prison unit and conducted a repeated serosurvey among prisoners between June and July 2020, using a lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA). Samples were also retested using a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLIA) to compare SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and 21-days incidence, as well as to estimate the overall infection fatality rate (IFR) and determine the diagnostic accuracy of the LFIA test.

This study identified 485 eligible individuals and enrolled 460 participants. Baseline and 21-days follow-up seroprevalence were estimated at 52.0% (95% CI 44.9–59.0) and 56.7% (95% CI 48.2–65.3) with LFIA; and 80.7% (95% CI 74.1–87.3) and 81.1% (95% CI 74.4–87.8) with CLIA, with an overall IFR of 0.02%. There were 78.2% (95% CI 66.7–89.7) symptomatic individuals among the positive cases. Sensitivity and specificity of LFIA were estimated at 43.4% and 83.3% for IgM; 46.5% and 91.5% for IgG; and 59.1% and 77.3% for combined tests.

The authors found high seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within the prison complex. The occurrence of asymptomatic infection highlights the importance of periodic mass testing in addition to case-finding of symptomatic individuals; however, the field performance of LFIA tests should be validated. This study recommends that vaccination strategies consider the inclusion of prisoners and prison staff in priority groups.

Welfare reform banned newly arrived immigrants who came to the US after 1996 from receiving federally funded benefits for five years. One assessment of the success of the five-year ban is the effect it has on behaviors that determine economic success and the likelihood of becoming a public charge. In this chapter, we investigate the effect of the five-year ban on the employment, hours of work, and wages of low-income women. Our results indicate that welfare reform in general caused a significant increase in the employment of low-educated, unmarried mothers regardless of citizenship. Among non-citizens, welfare reform was associated with a 10 percentage point (26%) increase in employment, a two-hour (15%) increase in hours worked per week, and a 10 percent decrease in wages. Surprisingly, we find little evidence that the five-year ban had any additional effect on the employment, hours of work, and wages of low-educated and unmarried, non-citizen mothers.

The seasonality in the behavior of travelers is something that goes back to the origin of the trips themselves. This seasonality is due to multiple factors, some easy to counteract and others difficult to solve. But, regardless of the causes, it is a phenomenon that generates significant negative impacts on society and the environment in which the phenomenon of tourist seasonality occurs. All tourist destinations have seasonality, but in some cases, it is very high and in others it has a minimal incidence. The objective of this chapter is to ponder the impacts and consequences of seasonality in regions with a strong tourism development, allowing to put into context the aspects of society impacted by this phenomenon and the positive implications that the reduction of seasonality would have. For this, an analysis of a theoretical model with two regions in opposite situations is carried out, raising the possible effects of a high seasonality. The cases of the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands are also reviewed, as real examples of the regional typologies taken into consideration in the theoretical model. This seeks to ponder the problems attributable to seasonality. As a final reflection, the enormous typology of negative impacts generated and the need to continue analyzing the seasonality and its impacts are emphasized.

The importance of tourism in Spain has not been accompanied by variety of marketing studies and research. In this paper the two great factors contributing to the slow development of tourism marketing in Spain are identified. On the one hand the youth of the discipline at international level and especially at national level. Secondly, the evolution of the market itself and the passive orientation of marketing. Next the contributions emanating from Spanish tourism marketing circles are reviewed and analysed in terms of their connection with lines of research emanating from the international literature. Finally, future research perspectives for tourism marketing are indicated.

In a pandemic framework (COVID-19), this chapter explores the impact of the global economy and socio-cultures concerning three axes: recreational, tourism, and hospitality. Although we slowly see an economic revival, it is well known that this sector of study is very susceptible to being affected by the context of nations. Following restrictions and measures taken by governments around the world to reduce the number of cases of coronavirus infections, many nations closed their borders, affecting international travel and by 2020 tourism had been reduced to the near cessation of operations due to the imminent fear of this poorly studied disease, and the service sector was negatively affected. It should be added that, according to the World Tourism Organization's projections, a decrease of between 20 and 30% is forecast for 2020 compared to the previous year.

Numerous studies have concluded that immigration has very small effects on wages or unemployment, even when the immigration flow is very large. Three reasons suggested for this are that immigration: (1) is not supply-push, but may instead be driven by demand-pull factors; (2) is likely to cause some out-migration; and (3) may induce flows of other factors across the economy. Surprisingly, few studies consider another obvious explanation: immigrant workers also consume locally, which means immigration stimulates the local demand for labor. Previous researchers have generally ignored the measurement of immigration's effects on labor demand, perhaps because when immigration, out-migration, and immigrant consumption occur simultaneously in the same labor market, it is very difficult to isolate immigration's effect on labor demand. This paper measures the labor demand-augmenting effects of immigration using a two-sector model of a very special case in which the receiving economy consists of: (a) an export industry employing both immigrants and natives; and (b) a retail industry employing native labor that is driven by local demand. The model can incorporate both supply-push and demand-pull immigration as well as out-migration. The model's important implication is that since immigration is exogenous to the retail sector, an unbiased estimate of the demand effect of immigration can be obtained without having to use instrumental variables estimation or other statistical procedures that may introduce new sources of bias. Fortunately, the economy in our model matches a very convenient test case: Dawson County, Nebraska. Dawson County recently experienced a surge in demand-pull immigration due to the location of a large export-driven meatpacking plant. This exogenous capital shock pulled in many Hispanic immigrant workers, who did not immediately seek work in the retail sector because of social and language barriers. This immigration led to higher retail wages and housing prices, confirming that immigration is capable of exerting significant effects on local labor demand.

Taking Tibet as a case study, this paper aims to develop an in-depth understanding of the influence that off-season tourism promotion (OTP) has on seasonal destinations from a multi-stakeholder perspective.

A qualitative research method was designed using participatory observation, in-depth interviews and focus group interviews in Tibet from March 2018 to February 2019.

The results revealed the different effects of OTP on destinations from a multi-stakeholder perspective. Residents report place change as a perceived threat from off-season tourists. Additionally, the irregular nature of seasonal employment can lead to service provider–related failures. While traditional seasonal tourists viewed OTP promotions as the destruction of place identity, promotion-motivated tourists presented a lesser degree of place loyalty. The prospect of off-season tourism has also led to concerns among scholars regarding deteriorating environmental sustainability.

This paper can help destination managers and policymakers re-assess the effects of seasonality and off-season tourism policies.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of seasonality from a multi-stakeholder perspective. The study explores residents’ perception of OTP-related place change, the causes of seasonal employment and how the market segments in off-season tourism, all of which complement existing research. Lastly, using a mixed data collection and analysis method, the study provides a feasible approach to analyze tourism phenomena.

标题:淡季旅游促销如何影响季节性目的地?多元利益相关者视角下的西藏

本(límite de 100 palabras)文以西藏为例, 从多方利益相关者的角度深入了解了旅游淡季促销（OTP）对季节性旅游目的地的影响。

本文采用参与式观察法、深度访谈法、焦点小组访谈法, 于2018年3月至2019年2月在西藏开展定性研究。

研究结果从多方利益相关者的角度揭示了旅游淡季促销（OTP）对目的地的不同影响。根据居民的报告, 地方的变化被视为来自淡季游客的威胁。此外, 季节性就业的不规律性可能导致服务提供方出现相关问题。传统的季节性游客认为OTP是对地方认同的破坏, 而以促销为动机的游客对地方的忠诚度较低。淡季旅游的前景也引起了学者们对环境可持续性恶化的担忧。

本文可以帮助旅游地管理者和决策者重新评估季节性和淡季旅游政策的影响。

本文从多方利益相关者的角度探讨了季节性现象。本研究探讨了居民对OTP相关的地点变化的感知、季节性就业的原因以及淡季旅游的市场细分, 这些都弥补了现有研究的不足。最后, 运用混合数据收集与分析方法, 为旅游现象的分析提供了一条可行的途径。

季节性, 淡季旅游, 定性, 利益相关者, 可持续性, 西藏

Cómo la promoción del turismo fuera de temporada afecta los destinos estacionales？ Una perspectiva de múltiples actores en el Tíbet

Tomando el Tíbet como un estudio de caso, este documento desarrolla una comprensión profunda de la influencia que la promoción turística fuera de temporada (OTP) tiene en los destinos estacionales desde una perspectiva de múltiples actores.

Se diseñó un método de investigación cualitativa utilizando observación participativa, entrevistas en profundidad y entrevistas de grupos focales en el Tíbet desde marzo de 2018 hasta febrero de 2019.

Los resultados revelaron los diferentes efectos de OTP en los destinos desde una perspectiva de múltiples actores. Desde el punto de vista de los residentes los cambios en el destino se percibe como una amenaza de los turistas fuera de temporada. Además, la naturaleza irregular del empleo estacional puede conducir a fallos relacionados con los proveedores de los servicios. Mientras que los turistas tradicionales de temporada vieron en las promociones de OTP una pérdida de identidad del lugar, los turistas motivados por la promoción presentaron un menor grado de lealtad al lugar. La perspectiva del turismo fuera de temporada también ha generado preocupaciones entre los académicos sobre el deterioro de la sostenibilidad ambiental.

Este documento puede ayudar a los gerentes de destino y a los responsables políticos a reevaluar los efectos de la estacionalidad y las políticas de turismo fuera de temporada.

Este artículo discute el fenómeno de la estacionalidad desde una perspectiva de múltiples actores. El estudio explora la percepción de los residentes sobre los cambios del destino relacionado con la OTP, las causas del empleo estacional y la percepción que tienen los segmentos de mercado en el turismo fuera de temporada, todo lo cual complementa la investigación existente. Por último, utilizando un método mixto de recopilación y análisis de datos, el estudio proporciona un enfoque factible para analizar los fenómenos turísticos.

estacionalidad, turismo fuera de temporada, cualitativo, partes interesadas, sostenibilidad, Tíbet

Trabajo de investigacion

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of race, gender, and region of birth by assessing the earnings of blacks and whites from Africa, blacks from the Americas, whites from Europe and Asians from Asia.

Using data from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, different income levels were used to see if there were any variations in earnings. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds of earnings at the various percentiles of the income of white African men, controlling for the human capital resources and other demographic variables.

The paper finds an unambiguous race effect among male workers. White males from both Africa and Europe have significant advantage over non‐white male workers from Africa, the Americas, and Asia. However, the earnings attainment is more favorable to white African males regardless of income levels. Further, a gender effect is also found in that relative to the earnings of white African‐born males, all the female workers in our study had lower odds at all the earning percentiles regardless of race and region of origin.

This paper helps clarify the issue of gender and stratification as it relates to immigrants in the USA.